Evaluation of the Eect of Artemisia Absinthium

L. Eye-Cream on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle: A

Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled

Clinical Trial

Hanan Hamdi1, Laila Shirbeigi2, Mitra Rahimzadeh3, Alireza Firooz4, Gholamreza Amin5, Kazem Mousavizadeh6,

Arman Zargaran1 

1 Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University

of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran

 Center for Research & Training in Skins Diseases & Leprosy, Clinical Trial Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

5 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

6 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences

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 Correspondence to:

Arman Zargaran, Department of Traditional Pharmacy,

School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Med-

ical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Telephone Number: +989122060881

Email Address: zargarana@sums.ac.ir

Received 2022-02-02

Revised 2022-03-13

Accepted 2022-05-12

Abstract

Background: The relative darkening of the lower eyelid skin, often linked with

dark circles, may make one seem tired and older than the actual age. Consider-

ing the recommendations in the sources of Persian medicine regarding Artemisia ab-

sinthium L., this clinical trial aimed to investigate the eectiveness of cream prepared

from the aqueous extraction of A.absinthium for infra-orbital dark circles removal.

Materials and Methods: In this double-blind controlled clinical trial, an eye cream

is made with 20% of the aqueous extract of A.absinthium in the base of the cream.

For standardization based on Artemisinin, the high-performance liquid chromatogra-

phy (HPLC) method was used. In two drug and placebo groups, 60 patients were equal-

ly enrolled in the trial. Erythema and pigmentation were evaluated via Mexameter®.

Results: The cream was standardized, including 1.29±0.02 µg/mg Artemisinin in the product.

Finally, 21 and 24 patients in the drug and placebo groups completed the study, respectively. In

these groups, the dierence in the mean ± standard deviation (SD) delta erythema (DE), delta lumi-

nance (DL), erythema, and melanin factors before and after the research were signicant (P<0.05).

However, the rate of reduction of DE, Erythema, and Melanin and the rise of DL are more signi-

cant in the treatment group than in the placebo group. Furthermore, the mean values of DE and DL

factors before the research were signicantly dierent in the two groups (P<0.001), but after the

investigation did not show a signicant dierence. The mean value of the Erythema factor in the

two groups before (P=0.25) and after (P=0.5) did not show a signicant dierence. The mean value

of Melanin after the research between the two groups showed a signicant dierence (P=0.01).

Conclusion: The results show that the cream prepared from the herbal compo-

sition of Persian medicine improves the infra orbital dark circle around the eyes.

[GMJ.2023;12:e2413] DOI:10.31661/gmj.v12i0.2413

Keywords: Artemisinin; Persian Medicine; Periorbital Hyperpigmentation; Infra Orbital Dark

Circle; Herbal Medicine

GMJ

This is an open-access article distributed

under the terms of the Creative Commons

Attribution 4.0 International License

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Email:info@gmj.ir

Hamdi H, et al. Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle

2GMJ.2023;12:e2413

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Introduction

Infra orbital dark circle (IOD) is identied

as one of the most widespread problems

in cosmetic disorders. It can lead to psycho-

logical dysfunctions due to the inuence of

self-perception and judgment of others [1].

Although no morbidity is associated with in-

fraorbital dark circles, it is a health problem

that is gaining public attention. IOD can be

observed based on a person’s appearance and

several essential parameters, such as age and

degree of fatigue [2]. It can occur in people of

all genders and all races but more frequently in

females and generally aect colored patients

more than Caucasians. This complex multi-

factorial entity requires an expanded knowl-

edge base on the etiology, management, and

treatment [3]. As a major cosmetic issue, IOD

can inuence self-condence, well-being, and

quality of life, particularly in female patients.

Despite the global prevalence of IOD, there

are few studies and investigations on the dark

circle, including its pathogenesis, treatment,

and burden [4].

Although IOD is primarily known as a

non-pathological situation, it can also be asso-

ciated with serious pathogenesis. Hereditary

or environmental melanocytosis is the leading

cause that explains the development of this

complex entity. Some examples of environ-

mental melanocytosis are sunlight exposure,

the side eect of anti-allergic medications,

and atopic dermatitis as post-inammatory

hyperpigmentation.

Besides, IOD is increasingly prevalent in the

elderly. No clear etiology is generally associ-

ated with IOD’s cause [5].

Various cosmetic, radiofrequency, surgical,

and laser treatments exist to facilitate this con-

dition [5, 6]. Neither invasive nor non-inva-

sive therapies can provide eective treatment

yet; consequently, the satisfaction and cure

of patients are not satised. Therefore, new

approaches and nding new medications for

IOD are appreciated [7, 8].

Traditional medicines and natural products

have been proposed as possible sources of

novel pharmaceuticals [9, 10]. Persian med-

icine (PM), which dates back about 7,000

years [11-13], is one of the most well-known

and oldest procedures among traditional and

supplementary medical systems. IOD is doc-

umented in PM sources. This traditional med-

ical system was called Kamnat al-Dam [14].

Razes (854-925), one of the most prominent

Persian scientists, recommended the topical

use of zamad of Artemisia absinthium L. (Af-

santin in Persian language) for IOD in Liber

continents (Al-Havi) in his comprehensive

medical book. Although no direct studies have

been conducted on the eects of A.absinthium

on IOD, current literature supports its possible

eects. For example, recent studies approved

the antioxidant eect of A.absinthium extract

[15-17], which can play an essential role in its

impact on IOD. Zamad (salve) is an ancient

dosage form made from a decoction mixture

of grinded medicinal herbs. It currently has

insucient patient compliance. As a result, it

is required to reformulate it into a more pop-

ular formulation to improve product quality

and patient compliance. Due to the unpop-

ular form of this traditional formulation, an

eye cream containing an aqueous extract of

A.absinthium was created. Various concen-

trations of the extract have been tested pre-

viously. Ultimately, an eye cream containing

10% A.absinthium extract was selected as the

best option for this clinical study. We aimed to

evaluate the ecacy of this product as a clin-

ical trial.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

This double-blind, controlled clinical trial in-

vestigated the eect of Artemisia absinthium

L. Eye-Cream on patients with Infra-Orbital

Dark Circle who referred to Dermatology and

Leprosy Research Center of Tehran Univer-

sity of Medical Sciences clinic from 1st Oc-

tober 2019 to 1st December 2019. Based on

Inclusion criteria enrolled in this study.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

All volunteer patients aged 18 to 65 years who

had dark circles under their eyes at least for

six months were included in the study, accord-

ing to the inclusion criteria.

The patients during breastfeeding or pregnan-

cy, the patients using any chemical peeling

procedures, performing microdermabrasion in

the last 3 months, doing lasers in the last three

Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle Hamdi H, et al.

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months, doing a solarium or intense sun expo-

sure and sunburn during the last three months,

taking medicine due to other diseases, intoler-

ance to the drug, reluctance to continue treat-

ment and taking oral contraceptive pills while

studying were excluded from this study.

Sample Size Calculation, Randomization, Al-

location Process, Blinding

All participants were allocated into two

groups of drug and placebo randomly via

computer generated block-randomization

list (non-stratied with equal-length blocks).

The sample size was calculated by the below

formula. Also, there were 5 more patients for

each group (a total of 30 patients in each pla-

cebo and drug groups) for probable missing

or excluded enrolled patients in both groups.

In this double-blind study, neither the patients

and medical team nor the statisticians knew

which group was receiving the drug or place-

bo.

Intervention

The study is a double-blind, controlled, ran-

domized clinical trial. The participants (60

patients, 18-65 years old) were entered into

two placebo and drug groups. Physicians,

statisticians, and patients were unaware of the

cream type. For this study, 60 healthy female

and male volunteers with IOD were divided

into two groups of 30. The cream was applied

twice a day to the area around the eyes in each

group for 60 days. By ending the period, the

improvement in the intensity and appearance

of dark circles of the participants were ana-

lyzed by a spectrophotometric colorimeter

adapted for reectance (Color Guide Sphere;

Byk Gardner, Geretsried, Germany) and a

Mexameter® (Courage and Khazaka, Koln,

Germany) instruments. In this method, Mex-

ameter® measured skin pigmentation (Mela-

nin) and Erythema for investigation of drug

eect. The infra-orbital and adjacent (cheeks)

areas were selected for measurements by the

probes, before and after the 60-day treatment

(D1⁄T0 and D60). So, to evaluate the ecacy

we used the color dierence (ΔE) between the

dark circles and the normal skin tone, the dif-

ference of lightness between dark circles and

native skin tone (ΔL).

Ethical Issues

This study was approved by the Ethics Com-

mittee of Tehran University of Medical Sci-

ences (no. IR.TUMS.VCR.REC.1398.017).

Moreover, the trial registration number was

obtained from the Iranian Clinical trial regis-

tration center, no. IRCT20190413043259N1.

All patients were included in the study after

being completely informed about the study

and signing an informed consent form.

Chemical Substances

The chemical substances were provided from

Sigma-Aldrich® (St. Louis, Missouri, United

States). These includes Methanol High-Per-

formance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

grade, Acetonitrile HPLC grade, paran oil,

cetyl alcohol, Tween 80, aspan 20, carbomer,

sepigel, methylparaben, propylparaben, pro-

pylene glycol, NaOH, Na2HPO4, NaH2PO4,

pbs.

Preparing Cream and Placebo

The aerial part of the plant Artemisia absin-

thium L. was collected from Gaduk passes of

Mazandaran province in the north of Iran. The

plant was approved by the Herbarium center

in the School of Pharmacy, Tehran University

of Medical Sciences (voucher number: 6604).

Then, the freshly collected plant was washed

and dried. The next step was the extraction

process. In brief, 100 g of the powdered plant

was placed in an extraction bottle and then

was soaked with 1L of distilled water for 30

min at 100 °C and 180 rpm rotation. The ex-

tract was ltered and centrifuged at 4000 rpm

(for 10 min) and stored at 4 °C.

The cream was made based on an aqueous ex-

tract. Components and their weight percent-

ages are shown in Table-1. The placebo cream

was made based on Osirian without extract

and the brown color (Khat e Zard brand, made

in Iran, No. 110) was used to make a similar

color to the drug. Moreover, a small amount

of A.absinthium essential oil was rubbed on

the placebo cream cap to make a similar smell

to the drug.

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Hamdi H, et al. Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle

Standardization of the A.absinthium Cream

via the HPLC Method

An Agilent Technologies 1260 Innity Π ap-

paratus was used for HPLC analysis. for the

quantication of Artemisinin, it was attached

to an HPLC column Eclipse Plus-C18 (Agi-

lent), 3.5 µm column (4.6×100 mm). The iso-

cratic mobile phase of water, methanol, and

acetonitrile (40:30:30% v/v) was used at a

ow rate of 1.0 ml/min. UV monitoring was

carried out at 210 nm. All solutions were l-

tered through a 0.45 mm lter before injec-

tion. Data analysis was performed using Ag-

ilent ChemStation software (Agilent, USA).

The six concentrations of Artemisinin (5, 10,

30, 50, 70, and 100 µg ml-1 for Artemisinin)

were used to generate a calibration curve of

standard Artemisinin.

Dried extract or prepared cream was sonicat-

ed (15 min) in 2.5 mL of methanol. Centrifu-

gation at 3300rpm was then used (5 min). A

10 mL volumetric ask was used to collect

the supernatant. The aqueous extraction and

formulated cream were injected into an HPLC

apparatus to determine the quantied amount

of Artemisinin in the preparation.

Investigation of Toxic Material via GC-MS

Method

Thujone is a neurotoxic terpene substance

found in an infamous plant such as A.absin-

thium [18]. Therefore, gas chromatography

connected to mass detector (GC/MS) device

was used to check for the presence of Thujone

in the extract. The analysis of the aqueous ex-

tracted essence was performed using an Ag-

ilent 7890B GC, equipped with an HP-5MS

capillary column (30 m, 0.25 mm i.d., 0.25

µm lm thickness) and connected to a mass

spectrometer 5977A as a detector. Helium was

used as the gas carrier, with a ow rate of 1.5

mL/min. The column temperature was initial-

ly 30 °C (5 min), then gradually (5 °C/min)

increased to 200; nally increased (10 °C/

min) to 300 °C. GC-MS detections was car-

ried out via an electron ionization system with

an ionization energy of 70 eV. Then, diethyl

ether was used to dilute the extract (sample)

1:100 (v/v), and 1.0 µL of it was injected into

the apparatus automatically in splitless mode;

with an injector temperature of 300 °C.

Preparation and Standardization of Drug and

Placebo

Both drug and placebo creams were quite sim-

ilar in appearance, color, and smell. Figure-1

shows HPLC chromatograms of the a) aque-

ous extract of A.absinthium and b) formulated

cream of the standardization. The amount of

Artemisinin in the plant extract and formulat-

ed cream were quantied at 4.33±0.02 µg/mg

and 1.29±0.02 µg/mg, respectively.

As shown, the resulting extract is composed

of 20 chemicals and the extract does not

contain thujone which causes toxicity in the

compounds. Therefore, the extract is safe for

further research and preparation of the cream.

Statistics

In this section, the data were arranged and

compiled based on the research objectives.

The Shapiro-Wilk normality test was used for

analyzing the normality of data. An indepen-

dent t-test was used to evaluate the similarity

of the two groups based on quantitative vari-

ables. The Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact

test was used for qualitative variables.

Parametric analytical tests (paired t-test and

independent t-test) were used for normally

Table 1. Components and Their Weight Percent-

age of Formulated Cream

Weight

percentage

(w/w%)

ComponentNo.

5Paran oil1

5Cetyl alcohol2

0.5Tween 803

0.5Span 204

0.8Carbomer 5

10Sepigel6

Liquid phase

0.18Methylparaben1

0.02Propylparaben2

5propylene glycol3

20Aqueous extract4

Up to 100Water5

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Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle Hamdi H, et al.

distributed data according to these tests, and

non-parametric tests were used for non-nor-

mally distributed data according to these tests

(Using IBM® SPSS® Statistics for Windows,

version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA)).

Results

According to the demographic data in the

baseline, there was no signicant dierence

between the two groups (P=0.75) and in the

percentage of female participants in the both

groups (P=0.19, Table-2) as shown in the

CONSORT owchart (Figure-2), among a to-

tal number of 60 patients, 45 (placebo group:

24 patients and drug group: 21 patients) com-

pleted the therapeutic protocol. The results of

paired t-test in Placebo and Drug Groups are

shown in Table-3 and -4. Table-5 shows the

enrollment of patients in the study.

The Melanin, Erythema, ΔE and ΔL of 21 vol-

unteers in the drug group and 24 volunteers in

the placebo group were measured. After that,

they were treated with a designed cream and

a placebo, and the desired parameters in both

groups were tested again. The data was then

evaluated using statistical techniques in the

next stage.

Since the assumption of normality of quan-

titative characteristics is required in samples

less than 30, this default is evaluated in Ta-

ble-5 by the Shapiro-Wilk test.

Considering the signicance level of the Sha-

piro-Wilk test shown in Table-2 for all factors

in both groups before and after the research is

greater than 0.05 (except Melanin is less than

0.05 and greater than 0.01 before the research

in the placebo group), we concluded that the

distribution of the above factors is not signi-

cantly dierent from the normal distribution.

Therefore, the normal default is considered

for performing statistical tests.

As shown in Table-6 in the drug group, the

dierence of the mean (SD) ΔE , ΔL, Erythe-

ma and Melanin factors before and after the

research were signicant using paired t-test

(P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.002 and P<0.001,

respectively) also in the placebo group were

signicant with paired t-test (P=0.001). As

shown in Figure-3a-d, the decreased rate of

ΔE, Erythema, and Melanin and the increase

of ΔL in the drug group were more than in the

placebo group, respectively. The results of the

independent t-test showed that the mean val-

ue of ΔE and ΔL factors in both groups be-

fore the research were signicantly dierent

(P<0.001), but after the research between the

two groups did not show a signicant dier-

ence (P=0.46 and 0.49, respectively). The re-

sults of the independent t-test show that the

mean value of the Erythema factor in the two

groups both before (P=0.25) and after (P=0.5)

between the two groups did not show a sig-

nicant dierence. The results of the inde-

pendent t-test showed that the mean value of

the Melanin factor in the two groups before

Figure 1. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms of a) aqueous extract of Arte-

misia absinthium L. and b) formulated cream.

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Hamdi H, et al. Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle

Table 2. Demographic Character of Participants in Treatment and Placebo Groups

Variable (quantitative) Treatment Placebo P-Value

Age (year) mean±SD 41.43±10.08 40.57±1.72 0.75

Gender (F/M) 29/1 25/5 0.19

SD: Standard deviation.

Figure 2. CONSORT owchart of participants in the study in two groups.

Table 3. Paired t-test in Placebo Group

Paired t-test

AfterBefore

Parameters mean±SDmean±SD

<0.0014.14±1.585.07±1.63

ΔE

<0.001-3.44±2.26-4.57±2.35

ΔL

0.001369.93±61.9414.64±70.31

Erythma

<0.001321.92±132.97342.36±124.24

Melanin

ΔE: the color di󰀨erence between dark area and normal skin tone; ΔL: the light di󰀨erence between dark

area and normal skin tone.

Figure 3. Comparison chart of mean (SD) of a): delta erythema (DE); b): delta luminance (DL); c): erythe-

ma and d): melanin factors before and after research in two groups.

Table 4 Paired t-test in Drug Group

Paired t-test

AfterBefore

Parameters

mean±SDmean±SD

0.0014.57±2.239.23±3.31

ΔE

<0.001-2.91±2.91-7.89±3.39

ΔL

0.002355.83±74.63446.11±94.17

Erythma

<0.001229.86±87.09334.56±82.19

Melanin

ΔE: the color di󰀨erence between dark area and normal skin tone; ΔL: the light di󰀨erence between dark

area and normal skin tone.

the research was not signicantly dierent

(P=0.80), but after the research between the

two groups showed a signicant dierence

(P=0.01).

Based on the results of paired t-tests, it can

be determined that all variables have changed

substantially in both groups. The medication

group, on the other hand, faced a faster rate of

change. But, the results obtained from the in-

dependent t-test in comparing the two groups

before the test showed that both groups are

comparable just in two factors, Erythema and

Melanin (P>0.05) and in the two factors ΔE

and ΔL before the experiment, the two groups

have signicant dierences (P>0.05). As a re-

sult, comparing two factors ΔE and ΔL using

the independent t-test, regardless of the dif-

ference in their initial values, is not without

drawbacks.

According to the results, it can be concluded

that except for the Erythema factor, all oth-

er factors after the research was signicantly

dierent from the placebo group. This means

that ΔE decreased, ΔL increased, and Mela-

nin showed a signicant increase in the drug

group.

Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle Hamdi H, et al.

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Table 5. Shapiro-Wilk Test for Normality of Research Factors before and after the Research in the Drug

and Placebo Groups

Drug (n=21) Placebo (n=24)

tSig. (t-tailed) tSig. (t-tailed)

Before ΔE 0.95 0.39 0.94 0.2

intervention ΔL 0.95 0.37 0.92 0.055

Erythem 0.94 0.26 0.95 0.28

Melanin 0.92 0.1 0.91 0.036

After ΔE 0.93 0.16 0.96 0.34

intervention ΔL 0.96 0.53 0.94 0.17

Erythem 0.97 0.64 0.97 0.58

Melanin 0.96 0.55 0.92 0.054

ΔE: the color di󰀨erence between dark area and normal skin tone; ΔL: the light di󰀨erence between dark

area and normal skin tone.

Table 6. Comparison of Mean (SD) of Melanin, Erythema, DL and DE Factors before and after the

Research in Two Groups

Independent

t-test

After

Independent

t-test

Before

Parameters PlaceboDrugSigPlaceboDrug

mean±SDmean±SDmean±SDmean±SD

0.464.14±1.584.57±2.23<0.0015.07±1.639.23±3.31

ΔE

0.5-3.44±2.26-2.91±2.91<0.001-4.57±2.35-7.89±3.39

ΔL

0.49369.93±61.9355.83±74.630.21414.64±70.31446.11±94.17

Erythma

0.002321.92±132.97229.86±87.090.81342.36±124.24334.56±82.19

Melanin

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Hamdi H, et al. Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle

ΔE: the color di󰀨erence between dark area and normal skin tone; ΔL: the light di󰀨erence between dark

area and normal skin tone.

dark circles’ issue [1, 19]. This problem oc-

curs by various factors, such as the presence

of excessive pigment, thinness, and clarity of

the skin below the eyelid and shading due to

looseness and tearing of the skin [20]. Unfor-

tunately, existing treatments for dark circles,

such as lasers, injections, llers, and chemi-

Discussion

Although IOD, as the darkness of the infra-or-

bital eyelids is not identied as a medical

concern, it is highly prevalent and can be a

cosmetic concern. On the other hand, unfor-

tunately, few published articles are about the

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Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle Hamdi H, et al.

cals, have several issues and adverse eects

[21-24].

Herbal medications are the most promising

complementary and alternative therapy being

among patients, according to studies [25], al-

though these studies were restricted. There-

fore, we investigated the eect of a cream

prepared from the aqueous extract of Artemis-

ia absinthium L., which was used in Persian

medicine for the treatment of dark circles un-

der the eyes.

The main purpose of this investigation was

to analyze the eectiveness of eye cream pre-

pared from an aqueous extract of A.absinthi-

um on dark circles around the eyes.

The results of this study showed that treat-

ment of dark circles with herbal cream for 8

weeks (2 months) can be eective except for

the Erythema factor. In this study, the ΔE de-

creased, ΔL increased, and Melanin showed a

signicant decrease in the drug group.

Generally, the rate of improvement in patients

with dark circles in the group receiving herb-

al cream based on the indicators has signi-

cantly increased without any side eects. The

antioxidant eect is a key point for managing

IOD.

Numerous studies have conrmed the exis-

tence of free radical scavenging properties

in the total extract of Artemisia absinthium

L. [26, 27]. Rashidi et al. showed that the

extracts of Artemisia absinthium L. can pre-

vent the damaging eects of oxidative agents

on cells [28]. Furthermore, Kharoubia et al.

suggested that wormwood extract restored en-

zyme activities perturbed by exposure to lead;

therefore, wormwood extract had a protective

role against lipid peroxidation [29]. Accord-

ing to studies, oxidative damage could be oc-

curred due to the formation of reactive oxygen

species (ROS). It leads to the deterioration of

cellular macromolecules like lipids, deoxyri-

bose nucleic acids (DNA), proteins, and en-

zymes [30, 31].

On the other hand, a study showed that ex-

tracts with free radical scavenging properties

can reduce Melanin and skin pigmentation

[32]. As a result, the characteristic of free rad-

ical scavenging of the Artemisia absinthium

L. extract may be linked to the reduction in

Melanin seen in those who have used the me-

dicinal cream.

Moreover, another study showed that the ex-

tract of this plant increased blood circulation,

which can be attributed to the increased Ery-

thema [33].

Conclusion

Despite the widespread use of various meth-

ods of treating dark circles under the eyes,

many people today suer from this problem.

On the other hand, these treatments, such as

exfoliators, chemicals, lasers, etc., have many

side eects for patients.

As a result, using traditional Persian medical

remedies might be one of the most promis-

ing solutions to this condition. Unfortunately,

there is very little study on the use of herbal

medicines to address this condition. The pres-

ent study is the rst study which investigated

the eect of A.absinthium in the treatment of

this problem.

In general, based on the results of this re-

search, the cream prepared from this extract

of the plant can be suggested as an eective

and safe treatment for removing dark circles.

Acknowledgments

This paper is a result of PhD thesis of Hanan

Hamdi, supported by the vice chancellor for

research and technology at Tehran University

of Medical Sciences (Code: 9542711002) and

presented in the School of Persian Medicine at

Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Conict of Interest

There is no conict of interest.

10 GMJ.2023;12:e2413

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Hamdi H, et al. Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle

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Artemisia Absinthium L. Eye-Cream Eects on Infra-Orbital Dark Circle Hamdi H, et al.