Health Consequences of the Female Genital Mutilation: A Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v8i.1336Keywords:
Female genital; Female; Obstetric Labor Complications; Pregnancy Complications; Emotional AspectsAbstract
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a general health concern. The World Health Organization has recognized it as a condition that endangers women’s health. This review study aimed to identify the types of health outcomes of FGM. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to create a critical view of the current evidence on the effect of Female genital on girls and women’s health. In this study, we focused on the health risks of female Female genital. Academic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SID, IranMedex, Irandoc, and Magiran were searched with regard to the health consequences of FGM from January 1990 until 2018. Eleven review studies met the criteria and contained 288 relevant studies on the risks of FGM. It was suggested that FGM had various physical, obstetric, sexual, and psychological consequences. Women with FGM experienced mental disturbances (e.g., psychiatric diagnoses, anxiety, somatization, phobia, and low self-esteem) than other women. Our study can provide evidence on improving, changing behaviors, and making decisions on the quality of services offered to women suffering from FGM.[GMJ.2019;8:e1336]
References
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ United Nations Children's Fund, Gupta GR. Female genital mutilation/cutting: a statistical overview and exploration of the dynamics of change. Reproductive Health Matters. 2013 Nov 1:184-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(13)42747-7 Foldès P, Cuzin B, Andro A. Reconstructive surgery after female genital mutilation: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2012 Jul 14;380(9837):134-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60400-0 WHO guidelines on the management of health complications from female genital mutilation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2016; p 14-15. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/ http://www.nhs.uk.2014/conditions/female-genital-mutilation/Pages/Introduction.aspx Iavazzo C, Sardi TA, Gkegkes ID. Female genital mutilation and infections:a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Arch Gynecol Obstet.2013; 287(6):1137-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-012-2708-5PMid:23315098 Monjok E, Essien EJ, Holmes L. Female genital mutilation: potential forHIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa and prospect for epidemiologicinvestigation and intervention. Afr J Reprod Health.2007; 11(1);33-42. https://doi.org/10.2307/30032486PMid:17982946 WHO.Study Group on Female Genital Mutilation and Obstetric Outcome.Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries. Lancet.2006; 367:1835-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68805-3 Impellizzeri FM, Bizzini M Systematic review and meta-analysis: A primer. Int J Sports Phys Ther.2012 ; Vol 7(5), 493. Berg RC, Underland V, Odgaard-Jensen J, Fretheim A, Vist GE. Effects of female genital cutting on physical health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2014 ;4(11):e006316. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006316PMid:25416059 PMCid:PMC4244458 Makhlouf Obermeyer C. The consequences of female circumcision for health and sexuality: an update on the evidence. Cult Health Sex, 2005; 7(5): 443-461 https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940500181495PMid:16864215 Berg RC, Denison EM, Fretheim A. Psychological, social and sexual consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): a systematic review of quantitative studies. Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services; 2010. Rigmor C. Berg, Eva Denison.2011.Does Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) Affect Women's Sexual Functioning? A Systematic Review of the Sexual Consequences of FGM/C. Sex Res Soc Policy .2012;9(1):41-56 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-011-0048-z Abdulcadir J, Rodriguez MI, Say L. A systematic review of the evidence on clitoral reconstruction after female genital mutilation/cutting. Int J Gynaecol Obstet.2015;129(2): 93-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.11.008PMid:25638712 PMCid:PMC6434902 Berg RC, Underland V. The obstetric consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol Int J .2013;, Article ID 496564, 15 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/496564PMid:23878544 PMCid:PMC3710629 Berg RC, Odgaard-Jensen J, Fretheim A, Underland V, Vist G. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the obstetric consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting. Obstet Gynecol Int J.2014, Article ID 542859, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/542859PMid:25505915 PMCid:PMC4258320 WHO.A Systematic Review of the Health Complications of Female Genital Mutilation including Sequelae in Childbirth.2000; FCH/WMH/00. Sripad P, Ndwiga C, Keya KT. Exploring the association betweeen FGM/C and fistula: a review of the evidence.2017; Research to Help Women Thrive. New York: Population Council. Mpinga EK, Macias A, Hasselgard-Rowe J, Kandala NB, Félicien TK, Verloo H, Zacharie Bukonda NK, Chastonay P. Female genital mutilation: a systematic review of research on its economic and social impacts across four decades. Glob health action. 2016;9(1):31489. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.31489PMid:27707452 PMCid:PMC5052514
