The Role of Nursing Care in the Management of Patients with Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Role of Nursing Care for Managements of tSAH
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v12i.3013Keywords:
Nursing Care, Brain Injuries, Intracranial Pressure, Emotional SupportAbstract
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH) is a critical condition that requires comprehensive management to optimize patient outcomes. Nursing care plays a key role in the overall management of patients with tSAH via various aspects of care, including neurological assessment, monitoring, intervention, and education. In this review, we aim to evaluate the significant contributions of nursing care in managing patients with tSAH. Nurses perform initial neurological assessments, including the glasgow coma scale, pupil reactivity, vital signs, and sensory-motor evaluations. These assessments provide valuable information for early identification of deteriorating neurological status and prompt intervention. Additionally, nurses closely monitor intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure, and other hemodynamic parameters, assisting in the prevention and timely detection of secondary brain injury. For example, some strategies to manage ICP include elevating the head of the bed, maintaining adequate oxygenation and ventilation, administering proper medications, and ensuring fluid and electrolyte balance. Also, through careful monitoring, early recognition, and appropriate preventive measures, nursing care could prevent complications, including infections, deep vein thrombosis, and pressure ulcers. Furthermore, nursing care extends beyond physical management and encompasses psychosocial support for patients and their families. Nurses establish therapeutic relationships, providing emotional support, education, and counseling to alleviate anxiety, address concerns, and facilitate coping mechanisms. Education regarding medication management, lifestyle modifications, and the importance of regular follow-up enhances patient compliance and promotes long-term recovery.
References
Witiw CD, Byrne JP, Nassiri F, Badhiwala JH, Nathens AB, Da Costa LB. Isolated traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: an evaluation of critical care unit admission practices and outcomes from a North American perspective. Critical care medicine. 2018 Mar 1;46(3):430-6.
https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002931
Griswold DP, Fernandez L, Rubiano AM. Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: a scoping review. Journal of neurotrauma. 2022 Jan 1;39(1-2):35-48.
https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2021.0007
Modi NJ, Agrawal M, Sinha VD. Post-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage: A review. Neurology India. 2016 Feb 1;64(7):8.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.178030
Tharayil AM, Chughtai TS, Younis B, Alyafei A, Verma V. Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. 2022:179-88.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81333-8_12
McNett MM, Gianakis A. Nursing interventions for critically ill traumatic brain injury patients. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2010 Apr 1;42(2):71-7.
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNN.0b013e3181ce5b8a
Ortega-Perez S, Shoyombo I, Aiyagari V, Atem F, Hill M, Stutzman SE, Olson DM. Pupillary light reflex variability as a predictor of clinical outcomes in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2019 Aug 1;51(4):171-5.
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNN.0000000000000443
Ali AF, Sliman AM, Elnosary AM. Effect of Implementing Initial Neuroprotective Nursing Care on Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. International Egyptian Journal of Nursing Sciences and Research. 2023 Jul 29;4(1):370-84.
https://doi.org/10.21608/ejnsr.2023.310186
Fitzgerald E, Hammond N, Tian DH, Bradford C, Flower O, Harbor K, Johnson P, Lee R, Parkinson J, Tracey A, Delaney A. Functional outcomes at 12 months for patients with traumatic brain injury, intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage treated in an Australian neurocritical care unit: A prospective cohort study. Australian Critical Care. 2020 Nov 1;33(6):497-503.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2020.03.006
Evans V. Caring for traumatic brain injury patients: Australian nursing perspectives. Critical Care Nursing Clinics. 2021 Mar 1;33(1):21-36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2020.10.002
Özçelik EE, Celik S. Comparison of the Turkish versions of the Glasgow Coma Scale and four score used by intensive care nurses for neurological evaluation. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2022 May;31(9-10):1397-406.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16001
Čustović M. Monitoring in the Treatment of Patients with Aneurysmal and Nonaneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage in Terms of Nursing Care and Therapy. Croatian Nursing Journal. 2019 Jun 28;3(1):5-23.
https://doi.org/10.24141/2/3/1/1
Gamble M, Luggya TS, Mabweijano J, Nabulime J, Mowafi H. Impact of nursing education and a monitoring tool on outcomes in traumatic brain injury. African journal of emergency medicine. 2020 Dec 1;10(4):181-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.05.013
Brice AE, Brice RG, Wallace SE. Recovery From a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Days 1 Through 22. Communication Disorders Quarterly. 2016 Nov;38(1):46-51.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740116638637
Su Z, Guo W, Luo Y, Wang Y, Du Y. Observation on the Nursing Effect of the Whole Process in Patients with Severe Intracranial Hemorrhage. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2022 ;2022:1546019.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1546019
Butler JA. Treatment of subarachnoid haemorrhage complicated by hyponatraemia. Australasian Journal of Neuroscience. 2017 Oct 1;27(2):1-5.
https://doi.org/10.21307/ajon-2017-002
Patel SK, Gozal YM, Krueger BM, Bayley JC, Moody S, Andaluz N, Falcone Jr RA, Bierbrauer KS. Routine surveillance imaging following mild traumatic brain injury with intracranial hemorrhage may not be necessary. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 2018 Oct 1;53(10):2048-54.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.04.027
Roguski M, Morel B, Sweeney M, Talan J, Rideout L, Riesenburger RI, Madan N, Hwang S. Magnetic resonance imaging as an alternative to computed tomography in select patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective comparison. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics. 2015 May 1;15(5):529-34.
https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.PEDS14128
Marcolini E, Hine J. Approach to the diagnosis and management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2019 Mar;20(2):203.
https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2019.1.37352
Abraham MK, Chang WT. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Emergency Medicine Clinics. 2016 Nov 1;34(4):901-16.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2016.06.011
Jaffa MN, Podell JE, Foroutan A, Motta M, Chang WT, Cherian J, Pergakis MB, Parikh GY, Simard JM, Armahizer MJ, Badjatia N. Steroids Provide Temporary Improvement of Refractory Pain Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. The Neurohospitalist. 2023 Jul;13(3):236-42.
https://doi.org/10.1177/19418744231172350
Boling W, Kore L. Subarachnoid hemorrhage-related epilepsy. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Neurological Care and Protection. 2020:21-5.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04615-6_4
Feng R, Mascitelli J, Chartrain AG, Margetis K, Mocco J. Anti-epileptic drug (AED) use in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2017 Nov 1;23(42):6446-53.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666171031095452
Alkhachroum A, Megjhani M, Terilli K, Rubinos C, Ford J, Wallace BK, Roh DJ, Agarwal S, Connolly ES, Boehme AK, Claassen J. Hyperemia in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients is associated with an increased risk of seizures. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 2020 Jun;40(6):1290-9.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X19863028
Suarez JI. Diagnosis and management of subarachnoid hemorrhage. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2015 Oct 1;21(5):1263-87.
https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000000217
Carcel C, Sato S, Anderson CS. Blood pressure management in intracranial hemorrhage: current challenges and opportunities. Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine. 2016 Apr;18:1-1.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-016-0444-z
Hantsche A, Wilhelmy F, Kasper J, Wende T, Hamerla G, Rasche S, Meixensberger J, Lindner D. Early prophylactic anticoagulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage decreases systemic ischemia and improves outcome. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2021 Aug 1;207:106809.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106809
Frisoli FA, Shinseki M, Nwabuobi L, Zeng XL, Adrados M, Kanter C, Frangos SG, Huang PP. Early venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis after traumatic intracranial hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2017 Dec 1;81(6):1016-20.
https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyx164
Miao W, Zhao K, Deng W, Teng J. Coagulation factor hyperfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage induces deep venous thrombosis. World Neurosurgery. 2018 Feb 1;110:e46-52.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.200
Mohamed Abdulmniem W, Mustafa Ragheb M, Saeid Mohamed S, Muhammed Hamed S. Effect of an Educational Program on NursesPerformance regarding Care for Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Journal of Nursing Science Benha University. 2023 Jan 1;4(1):83-94.
https://doi.org/10.21608/jnsbu.2023.274551
Jin L, Sun L. Application of patient-centered care using guidelines of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. American Journal of Translational Research. 2021;13(4):2915.
Hutri I, Kotila J, Turunen H. Registered nurses' competence for subarachnoid haemorrhage patients in intensive care units. British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2022 Oct 1;18(Sup5):S12-6.
https://doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2022.18.Sup5.S12
Zoerle T, Lombardo A, Colombo A, Longhi L, Zanier ER, Rampini P, Stocchetti N. Intracranial pressure after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Critical care medicine. 2015 Jan 1;43(1):168-76.
https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000000670
Kramer AH. Critical ICP in subarachnoid hemorrhage: how high and how long?. Neurocritical Care. 2021 Jun;34(3):714-6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-021-01205-4
Fiore M, Bogossian E, Creteur J, Oddo M, Taccone FS. Role of brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2) in the management of subarachnoid haemorrhage: a scoping review protocol. BMJ open. 2020 Sep 1;10(9):e035521.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035521
Lee S, Kim YO, Baek JS, Ryu JA. The prognostic value of optic nerve sheath diameter in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Critical Care. 2019 Dec;23(1):1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2360-6
Herzer G, Illievich U, Voelckel W, Trimmel H. Current practice in neurocritical care of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and severe traumatic brain injury. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift. 2016 ;128:649-657.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-016-1027-4
de Oliveira Manoel AL, Goffi A, Marotta TR, Schweizer TA, Abrahamson S, Macdonald RL. The critical care management of poor-grade subarachnoid haemorrhage. Critical care. 2016 Dec;20(1):1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1193-9
Kienzler JC, Bäbler S, Zakelis R, Remonda E, Ragauskas A, Fandino J. Validation of noninvasive absolute intracranial pressure measurements in traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage: preliminary results. Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery. 2015 Sep;76(S 01):P065.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1564557
Lv Y, Wang D, Lei J, Tan G. Clinical observation of the time course of raised intracranial pressure after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurological Sciences. 2015 Jul;36:1203-10.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2073-9
Ravishankar N, Nuoman R, Amuluru K, El-Ghanem M, Thulasi V, Dangayach NS, Lee K, Al-Mufti F. Management strategies for intracranial pressure crises in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of intensive care medicine. 2020 Mar;35(3):211-8.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066618813073
Suman S, Kumar N, Singh Y, Kumar V, Yadav G, Gupta BK, Pandey AR, Pandey S. Evaluation of serum electrolytes in traumatic brain injury patients: Prospective randomized observational study. J Anesth Crit Care Open Access. 2016 Jul 28;5(3):00184.
https://doi.org/10.15406/jaccoa.2016.05.00184
Pin-On P, Saringkarinkul A, Punjasawadwong Y, Kacha S, Wilairat D. Serum electrolyte imbalance and prognostic factors of postoperative death in adult traumatic brain injury patients: A prospective cohort study. Medicine. 2018 ;97(45):e13081.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000013081
Schur S, Panagiotoglou D, Di Maio S, Buckeridge D. Comorbidities and medical complications in hospitalized subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2022 Jul;49(4):569-78.
https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2021.176
Chen I, Mitchell P. Serum potassium and sodium levels after subarachnoid haemorrhage. British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2016 Sep 2;30(5):554-9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2016.1181151
Connor Jr DE, Chaitanya GV, Chittiboina P, McCarthy P, Scott LK, Schrott L, Minagar A, Nanda A, Alexander JS. Variations in the cerebrospinal fluid proteome following traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Pathophysiology. 2017 Sep 1;24(3):169-83.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.04.003
Neligan PJ. Fluid and electrolyte balance. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine. 2021 Mar 1;22(3):169-73.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2021.01.011
Nwafor DC, Kirby BD, Ralston JD, Colantonio MA, Ibekwe E, Lucke-Wold B. Neurocognitive Sequelae and Rehabilitation after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Optimizing Outcomes. Journal of vascular diseases. 2023 Apr 1;2(2):197-211.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd2020014
Yamashita RH, Yamaki VN, Rabelo NN, Welling LC, Figueiredo EG. Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders in Neurocritical Care. Neurocritical Care for Neurosurgeons: Principles and Applications. 2021:373-90.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66572-2_21
Mezzini G, Marasco S, Bertuccio A, Savioli G, Piccolella F, Racca F, Barbanera A, Vitali M. Hyponatremia Related to Neurocritical Care: Focus on Diagnosis and Therapy: A Systematic Review. Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials. 2023 Feb 1;18(1):19-27.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1574887118666221208161259
Sadan O, Singbartl K, Kandiah PA, Martin KS, Samuels OB. Hyperchloremia is associated with acute kidney injury in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Critical care medicine. 2017 Aug 1;45(8):1382-8.
https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000002497
Farrokh S, Cho SM, Suarez JI. Fluids and hyperosmolar agents in neurocritical care: an update. Current opinion in critical care. 2019 Apr 1;25(2):105-9.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000585
Shah K, Turgeon RD, Gooderham PA, Ensom MH. Prevention and treatment of hyponatremia in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. World Neurosurgery. 2018 Jan 1;109:222-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.182
Bogossian EG, Attanasio L, Creteur J, Grimaldi D, Schuind S, Taccone FS. The impact of extracerebral infection after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A single-center cohort study. World Neurosurgery. 2020 Dec 1;144:e883-97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.102
Rhim HY, Won SY, Kashefiolasl S, Brawanski N, Hattingen E, Berkefeld J, Seifert V, Konczalla J. Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Scientific Reports. 2021 Apr 15;11(1):8309.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87863-y
Kaplan A, Kaleem S, Huynh M. Quality Improvement in the Management of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Current State and Future Directions. Current Pain and Headache Reports. 2023 Mar;27(3):27-38.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-022-01097-9
Kofler M, Beer R, Marinoni S, Schiefecker AJ, Gaasch M, Rass V, Lindner A, Lanosi BA, Rhomberg P, Pfausler B, Thomé C. Early supplemental parenteral nutrition for the achievement of nutritional goals in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients: An observational cohort study. Plos one. 2022 Mar 18;17(3):e0265729.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265729
Roa'a WJ, Lahlouh AB, Alshogran OY, Aldabbour BA, Balusha AA. Nosocomial infections among patients with intracranial hemorrhage: a retrospective data analysis of predictors and outcomes. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2019 Jul 1;182:158-66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.05.016
Al-Mufti F, Amuluru K, Changa A, Lander M, Patel N, Wajswol E, Al-Marsoummi S, Alzubaidi B, Singh IP, Nuoman R, Gandhi C. Traumatic brain injury and intracranial hemorrhage-induced cerebral vasospasm: A systematic review. Neurosurgical focus. 2017 Nov 1;43(5):E14.
https://doi.org/10.3171/2017.8.FOCUS17431
Andrews PJ, Verma V, Healy M, Lavinio A, Curtis C, Reddy U, Andrzejowski J, Foulkes A, Canestrini S. Targeted temperature management in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, or acute ischaemic stroke: consensus recommendations. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018 Oct 1;121(4):768-75.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.06.018
Lissak IA, Locascio JJ, Zafar SF, Schleicher RL, Patel AB, Leslie-Mazwi T, Stapleton CJ, Koch MJ, Kim JA, Anderson K, Rosand J. Electroencephalography, hospital complications, and longitudinal outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care. 2021 Jan 22:1-2.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-020-01177-x
Rabinstein AA, Sandhu K. Non-infectious fever in the neurological intensive care unit: incidence, causes and predictors. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2007 Nov 1;78(11):1278-80.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.112730
van Gijn J, Rinkel GJ. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: diagnosis, causes and management. Brain. 2001 Feb 1;124(2):249-78.
https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/124.2.249
Friedrich V, Flores R, Muller A, Bi W, Peerschke EI, Sehba FA. Reduction of neutrophil activity decreases early microvascular injury after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of neuroinflammation. 2011 Dec;8:1-2.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-8-103
Lee S, Kim YO, Ryu JA. Clinical usefulness of early serial measurements of C-reactive protein as outcome predictors in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. BMC neurology. 2020 Dec;20:1-0.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-020-01687-3
Wu Y, Liu Y, Zhou C, Wu Y, Sun J, Gao X, Huang Y. Biological effects and mechanisms of caspases in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2022 ;2022:3345637.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3345637
Chou SH. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology. 2021 Oct 1;27(5):1201-45.
https://doi.org/10.1212/CON.0000000000001052
Taufique Z, May T, Meyers E, Falo C, Mayer SA, Agarwal S, Park S, Connolly ES, Claassen J, Schmidt JM. Predictors of poor quality of life 1 year after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2016 Feb 1;78(2):256-64.
https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000001042
Bartlett M, Bulters D, Hou R. Psychological distress after subarachnoid haemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2021 Sep 1;148:110559.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110559
Tsyben A, Guilfoyle MR, Laing RJ, Timofeev I, Anwar F, Trivedi RA, Kirollos RW, Turner C, Allanson J, Mee H, Outtrim JG. Comparison of health-related quality of life in patients with traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid haemorrhage and cervical spine disease. British journal of neurosurgery. 2022 Dec 8:1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02688697.2022.2152777
Rueckriegel SM, Baron M, Domschke K, Neuderth S, Kunze E, Kessler AF, Nickl R, Westermaier T, Ernestus RI. Trauma-and distress-associated mental illness symptoms in close relatives of patients with severe traumatic brain injury and high-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta neurochirurgica. 2015 Aug;157:1329-36.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-015-2470-0
Edlow BL, Samuels O. Emergency neurological life support: subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical Care. 2017 Sep;27:116-23.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-017-0458-8
Ditty BJ, Omar NB, Foreman PM, Patel DM, Pritchard PR, Okor MO. The nonsurgical nature of patients with subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhage associated with mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of neurosurgery. 2015 Sep 1;123(3):649-53.
https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.JNS132713
Tang WK, Wang L, Wong GK, Ungvari GS, Yasuno F, Tsoi KK, Kim JS. Depression after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Journal of stroke. 2020 Jan;22(1):11.
https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2019.02103
Tang WK, Wang L, Tsoi KK, Barrash J, Kim JS. Personality changes after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of psychosomatic research. 2022 May 1;156:110762.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110762
Zhang H, Zhang M, Zhao F. Nursing Method of Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Fracture in the Ambulance. BioMed Research International. 2022;2022:2652916.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2652916
Byun E, McCurry SM, Kim B, Kwon S, Thompson HJ. Sleep disturbance and self-management in adults with subarachnoid hemorrhage: a qualitative study. Clinical Nursing Research. 2022 May;31(4):632-8.
https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738211064036
Tang WK, Wang L, Tsoi KK, Kim JM, Lee SJ, Kim JS. Anxiety after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Anxiety in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. 2021 Jan 1;3:100060.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2020.100060
McIntosh AP, Thomas A. Health-related quality-of-life outcomes: comparing patients with aneurysmal and nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2015 Oct 1;47(5):E2-11.
https://doi.org/10.1097/JNN.0000000000000163
Brice RG, Brice A. Recovery From a Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Patient and Spouse Perspectives. Communication Disorders Quarterly. 2017 Feb;38(2):119-28.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1525740116638658
Tang WK, Wang L, Tsoi KK, Kim JS. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review. Neurology India. 2023 Jan 1;71(1):9.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.370451
Garton AL, Gupta VP, Pucci JU, Couch CK, Connolly Jr ES. Incidence and predictors of post-traumatic stress symptoms in a cohort of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 2020 Mar 1;190:105657.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2019.105657
Hutri I, Kotila J, Turunen H. Registered nurses' competence for subarachnoid haemorrhage patients in intensive care units. British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 2022 Oct 1;18(Sup5):S12-6.
https://doi.org/10.12968/bjnn.2022.18.Sup5.S12
Compton ES, Smallheer BA, Thomason NR, Norris MS, Nordness MF, Smith MD, Patel MB. Minimal-risk traumatic brain injury management without neurosurgical consultation. Journal of Neurocritical Care. 2020 Dec 14;13(2):80-5.
https://doi.org/10.18700/jnc.200011
Sorek G, Shaklai S, Gagnon I, Schneider K, Chevignard M, Stern N, Fadida Y, Kalderon L, Katz-Leurer M. Impact of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage on the Cardiac Autonomic Function During Rehabilitation in Children After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurotrauma Reports. 2023 Jul 1;4(1):458-62.
https://doi.org/10.1089/neur.2023.0032
Cinotti R, Putegnat JB, Lakhal K, Desal H, Chenet A, Buffenoir K, Frasca D, Allaouchiche B, Asehnoune K, Rozec B. Evolution of neurological recovery during the first year after subarachnoid haemorrhage in a French university centre. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine. 2019 Jun 1;38(3):251-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2018.10.002
Konczalla J, Schmitz J, Kashefiolasl S, Senft C, Platz J, Seifert V. Non-aneurysmal non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage: effect of rehabilitation at short-term and in a prospective study of long-term follow-up. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation. 2016 Jun 6;23(4):261-8.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2016.1149982
Lindner A, Brunelli L, Rass V, Ianosi BA, Gaasch M, Kofler M, Limmert V, Schiefecker AJ, Pfausler B, Beer R, Pucks-Faes E. Long-term clinical trajectory of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: linking acute care and neurorehabilitation. Neurocritical Care. 2023 Feb;38(1):138-48.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-022-01572-6
Reznik ME, Schmidt JM, Mahta A, Agarwal S, Roh DJ, Park S, Frey HP, Claassen J. Agitation after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a frequent omen of hospital complications associated with worse outcomes. Neurocritical care. 2017 Jun;26:428-35.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-016-0331-1
Tölli A, Höybye C, Bellander BM, Johansson F, Borg J. The effect of time on cognitive impairments after non-traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage and after traumatic brain injury. Brain injury. 2018 Oct 15;32(12):1465-76.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1497203
Boerboom W, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Van Kooten F, Khajeh L, Ribbers GM. Unmet needs, community integration and employment status four years after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2016 May 20;48(6):529-34.
https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2096
Persson HC, Törnbom K, Sunnerhagen KS, Törnbom M. Consequences and coping strategies six years after a subarachnoid hemorrhage-A qualitative study. PLoS One. 2017 Aug 30;12(8):e0181006.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181006
Reznik ME, Mahta A, Schmidt JM, Frey HP, Park S, Roh DJ, Agarwal S, Claassen J. Duration of agitation, fluctuations of consciousness, and associations with outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocritical care. 2018 Aug;29:33-9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-017-0491-7
Zeiler FA, Lo BW, Akoth E, Silvaggio J, Kaufmann AM, Teitelbaum J, West M. Predicting outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) utilizing the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score. Neurocritical care. 2017 Dec;27:381-91.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-017-0396-5
Sonesson B, Kronvall E, Säveland H, Brandt L, Nilsson OG. Long-term reintegration and quality of life in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and a good neurological outcome: findings after more than 20 years. Journal of neurosurgery. 2017 Apr 28;128(3):785-92.
https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.11.JNS16805
Eapen BC, Allred DB, O'Rourke J, Cifu DX. Rehabilitation of moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. InSeminars in neurology. 2015; 35(1): 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1549094
Collins CI, Hasan TF, Mooney LH, Talbot JL, Fouraker AL, Nelson KF, Ohanian M, Bonnett SL, Tawk RG, Nordan LM, Hodge DO. Subarachnoid hemorrhage "fast track": a health economics and health care redesign approach for early selected hospital discharge. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes. 2020 Jun 1;4(3):238-48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.04.001
Yousefzadeh-Chabok S, Kapourchali FR, Ramezani S. Determinants of long-term health-related quality of life in adult patients with mild traumatic brain injury. European journal of trauma and emergency surgery. 2021 Jun;47:839-46.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00068-019-01252-9
Weimer JM, Nowacki AS, Frontera JA. Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy in patients with intracranial hemorrhage: self-fulfilling prophecy or accurate prediction of outcome?. Critical Care Medicine. 2016 Jun 1;44(6):1161-72.
https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000001570
Byun E, McCurry SM, Opp M, Liu D, Becker KJ, Thompson HJ. Self-efficacy is associated with better sleep quality and sleep efficiency in adults with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2020 Mar 1;73:173-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.12.010
Kurogi R, Kada A, Ogasawara K, Nishimura K, Kitazono T, Iwama T, Matsumaru Y, Sakai N, Shiokawa Y, Miyachi S, Kuroda S. National trends in the outcomes of subarachnoid haemorrhage and the prognostic influence of stroke centre capability in Japan: retrospective cohort study. BMJ open. 2023 Apr 1;13(4):e068642.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068642
Koso M, Dizdarevic K. Attention and executive functions in microsurgically treated patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Asian Journal of Neurosurgery. 2015 Dec;10(04):260-5.
https://doi.org/10.4103/1793-5482.162683
Macdonald RL. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Handbook of Neuroemergency Clinical Trials. 2018 Jan 1:23-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804064-5.00002-3
Joseph B, Obaid O, Dultz L, Black G, Campbell M, Berndtson AE, Costantini T, Kerwin A, Skarupa D, Burruss S, Delgado L. Validating the Brain Injury Guidelines: Results of an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma prospective multi-institutional trial. Journal of trauma and acute care surgery. 2022 Aug 1;93(2):157-65.
https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000003554
Paget LM, Boutonnet M, Moyer JD, Delhaye N, D'Aranda E, Beltzer N, Hamada SR. Trauma centre admissions for traumatic brain injury in France: One-year epidemiological analysis of prospectively collected data. Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain Medicine. 2021 Feb 1;40(1):100804.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2021.100804
Ogden JA, Mee EW, Henning M. A prospective study of impairment of cognition and memory and recovery after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1993 Oct 1;33(4):572-87.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Galen Medical Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
