Different Intensities of Exercise and Cardiovascular Performance: A Review

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases [CVDs] remain a major global health concern, with arterial stiffness and atherosclerosis contributing significantly to their prevalence, especially with aging. Regular physical activity is crucial for prevention, improving endothelial function and lipid profiles. This paper examines the effects of different exercise modalities including aerobic training, Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training [MICT], High Intensity Interval Training [HIIT], resistance training [RT] and on cardiovascular health. Aerobic exercise consistently benefits blood pressure, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial density. HIIT, in particular, often surpasses MICT in enhancing peak oxygen uptake [VO2 peak] and endothelial function. Resistance training improves muscle strength, blood pressure, and insulin sensitivity. However, its impact on arterial stiffness is debated with low to moderate intensity RT appears beneficial, while high intensity RT shows mixed or potentially detrimental effects. Inconsistencies across studies are largely attributed to variations in protocols, intensities, and participant characteristics. Ultimately, exercise is a vital CVD management strategy, underscoring the need for personalized prescriptions based on specific exercise types and intensities to optimize cardiovascular benefits.