Oral Health Related Quality of Life and Xerostomia in Cardiovascular Patients

OHRQoL in Cardiac Patients

Authors

  • Adel Tabesh Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • Hossein Karimzadeh Dental Students Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • Narges Shahriari Dental Students Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • Omid Fakheran Esfahani Division of Oral Surgery and Orthodontics, Department of Dental Medicine and Oral Health, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.vi.3805

Keywords:

Oral Health; Quality of Life; Xerostomia; Cardiovascular

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular patients frequently suffer from xerostomia and several modalities has been tried to alleviate the symptom. Improving Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) is a subjective index and considered as the final achievement in oral treatments. The aim of the present study was to evaluate OHRQoL in these patients, as well as its relation to xerostomia and some other factors. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 244 patients participated. OHRQoL was assessed by Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP-14). Xerostomia severity was quantified by the Xerostomia Inventory (XI). Consumed anti-hypertensive drugs, age and gender were also recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 (IBM
version 22.0, Chicago, USA) and statistical significance level was considered P<0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was score of OHIP-14 was 58.90 ± 5.66 years, of whom 53% were male and 47% female. The mean total OHIP-14 score was 13.33 ± 11.11. Patients with xerostomia consisted 78% of the sample, with a mean XI score of 23.9 ± 5.1. Total and all domain scores of OHIP-14 were directly and significantly correlated with XI score (P<0.001). Also, age had a direct and significant correlation with both OHIP-14 (P<0.001) and XI (P=0.001) scores. Use of cardiovascular drugs was not significantly related to xerostomia presence or severity (P>0.05). Conclusion: The majority of cardiovascular patients suffer from moderate xerostomia, regardless to the type of medication they consume. Xerostomia affects OHRQoL in these patients and should be treated properly to improve their life quality, especially among the elderly.

Author Biography

Adel Tabesh, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Dental Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

References

Spanemberg JC, Cardoso JA, Slob EMGB, López-López J. Quality of life related to oral health and its impact in adults. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019;120:234-239.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jormas.2019.02.004

PMid:30763780

Niklander S, Veas L, Barrera C, Fuentes F, Chiappini G, Marshall M. Risk factors, hyposalivation and impact of xerostomia on oral health-related quality of life. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31:e14.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0014

PMid:28099580

Nikbin A, Bayani M, Jenabian N, Khafri S, Motallebnejad M. Oral health-related quality of life in diabetic patients: comparison of the Persian version of Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index and Oral Health Impact Profile: A descriptive-analytic study. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014;13:32.

https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-6581-13-32

PMid:24495383 PMCid:PMC4015305

Pedersen AML, Sørensen CE, Proctor GB, Carpenter GH, Ekström J. Salivary secretion in health and disease. J Oral Rehabil. 2018;45:730-746.

https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12664

PMid:29878444

Barbe AG. Medication-Induced Xerostomia and Hyposalivation in the Elderly: Culprits, Complications, and Management. Drugs Aging. 2018;35:877-885.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-018-0588-5

PMid:30187289

Xu F, Laguna L, Sarkar A. Aging-related changes in quantity and quality of saliva: Where do we stand in our understanding? J Texture Stud. 2019;50:27-35.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jtxs.12356

PMid:30091142

Tanasiewicz M, Hildebrandt T, Obersztyn I. Xerostomia of Various Etiologies: A Review of the Literature. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2016;25:199-206.

https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/29375

PMid:26935515

Sarrafzadegan N, Mohammmadifard N. Cardiovascular Disease in Iran in the Last 40 Years: Prevalence, Mortality, Morbidity, Challenges and Strategies for Cardiovascular Prevention. Arch Iran Med. 2019;22:204-210.

Magder S. The meaning of blood pressure. Crit Care. 2018;22:257.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-2171-1

PMid:30305136 PMCid:PMC6180453

Roush GC, Abdelfattah R, Song S, Ernst ME, Sica DA, Kostis JB. Hydrochlorothiazide vs chlorthalidone, indapamide, and potassium-sparing/hydrochlorothiazide diuretics for reducing left ventricular hypertrophy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018;20:1507-1515.

https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13386

PMid:30251403 PMCid:PMC8030834

Zhang Y, He D, Zhang W, Xing Y, Guo Y, Wang F, et al. ACE Inhibitor Benefit to Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes for Patients with Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3-5: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. Drugs. 2020;80:797-811.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-020-01290-3

PMid:32333236 PMCid:PMC7242277

Ghaemmohamadi MS, Behzadifar M, Ghashghaee A, Mousavinejad N, Ebadi F, Saeedi Shahri SS, et al. Prevalence of depression in cardiovascular patients in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2000 to 2017. J Affect Disord. 2018;227:149-155.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.10.026

PMid:29073577

Motallebnejad M, Hadian H, Mehdizadeh S, Hajiahmadi M. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the oral health impact profile (OHIP)-14. Caspian J Intern Med. 2011;2:314-20.

Agha-Hosseini F, Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Moosavi MS. Relationship of lumbar spine bone mineral density and oral dryness feeling in menopause. Menopause. 2011;18:625-8.

https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31820285b2

PMid:21358351

Barkhordari Dashtkhaki M, Kakoei S, Larizadeh MH, Nekouei AH. The Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Xerostomia Inventory Questionnaire. J Dent (Shiraz). 2024;25:26-31.

Lo KB, Essa H, Wattoo A, Gulab A, Akhtar H, Sudani HA, et al. Representation of Chronic Kidney Disease in Randomized Controlled Trials Among Patients With Heart failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023;48:101047.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101047

PMid:34785259

Colombijn JMT, Idema DL, van Beem S, Blokland AM, van der Braak K, Handoko ML, et al. Representation of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease in Clinical Trials of Cardiovascular Disease Medications: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e240427.

https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0427

PMid:38451526 PMCid:PMC10921252

Molania T, Malekzadeh Shafaroudi A, Taghavi M, Ehsani H, Moosazadeh M, Haddadi A, et al. Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in cardiovascular patients referring to Fatima Zahra Hospital in Sari, Iran. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:391.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01756-0

PMid:34380490 PMCid:PMC8356446

Schmalz G, Binner C, Eisner M, Wagner J, Rast J, Kottmann T, et al. Oral health-related quality of life in patients with heart failure and left ventricular assist devices-results of a cross-sectional study. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25:5879-5887.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-021-03893-w

PMid:33754192 PMCid:PMC8443493

Molania T, Alimohammadi M, Akha O, Mousavi J, Razvini R, Salehi M. The effect of xerostomia and hyposalivation on the quality of life of patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Electron Physician. 2017;9:5814-5819.

https://doi.org/10.19082/5814

PMid:29403624 PMCid:PMC5783133

Chamani G, Shakibi MR, Zarei MR, Rad M, Pouyafard A, Parhizkar A, et al. "Assessment of relationship between xerostomia and oral health-related quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". Oral Dis. 2017;23:1162-1167.

https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12721

PMid:28749607

Ahmad MS, Bhayat A, Zafar MS, Al-Samadani KH. The Impact of Hyposalivation on Quality of Life (QoL) and Oral Health in the Aging Population of Al Madinah Al Munawarrah. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:445.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040445

PMid:28425972 PMCid:PMC5409645

Parat K, Radić M, Perković D, Lukenda DB, Kaliterna DM. Reduced salivary flow and caries status are correlated with disease activity and severity in patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. J Int Med Res. 2020;48:300060520941375.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060520941375

PMid:33081544 PMCid:PMC7588767

Schmalz G, Eisner M, Binner C, Wagner J, Rast J, Kottmann T, et al. Oral health-related quality of life of patients after heart transplantation and those with heart failure is associated with general health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study. Qual Life Res. 2020;29:1621-1630.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02439-z

PMid:32020562 PMCid:PMC7253387

Ingolotti L, Bejarano M, Tamborenea N, Mercé A, Arguissain C, Martin L, et al. Oral health-related quality of life in primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2025;30(2):e265-e270.

https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.26934

PMid:39864079 PMCid:PMC11972641

Lim KT, Choe JW, Hwang SS. Association Between Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index and Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Older Adults. J Prev Med Public Health. 2025;58(1):103-112.

https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.24.569

PMid:39810541 PMCid:PMC11824635

Downloads

Published

2025-08-08

How to Cite

Tabesh, A., Karimzadeh, H., Shahriari, N., & Fakheran Esfahani , O. (2025). Oral Health Related Quality of Life and Xerostomia in Cardiovascular Patients: OHRQoL in Cardiac Patients. Galen Medical Journal, e3805. https://doi.org/10.31661/gmj.vi.3805

Issue

Articles in Press

Section

Original Article

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Galen Medical Journal

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/