The Association between Lipocalin-2 and Apelin in patients with diabetic nephropathy in Diabetes Mellitus Type II

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by elevated sugar levels in blood that are either due to insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, or both. Previous studies have identified lipocalin-2, a 25 KDa secreted protein, as being higher in type II DM and linked to illnesses like heart disease. we aimed to evaluate the relationship among specific biochemical analyses with the effects of blood levels for Apelin and Lipocalin-2 in patients with type II diabetes both with diabetic nephropathy and without. Materials and Methods: 150 participants were divided into 3 subgroups: 60 people with typeII diabetic nephropathy, 60 people without the disease, and 30 healthy in a control group for comparison. Waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were computed. Enzymatic techniques were used to evaluate Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting lipids, microalbumin, urea, and creatinine. The evaluation of the homeostatic model (HOMA-IR) was used to measure insulin resistance. Lipocalin-2 and Apelin were measured using the ELISA sandwich. SPSS 26 was used to finish the data's statistical analysis. Results: The levels of apelin and serum lipocalin-2 differ significantly (P<0.001) from the control group. between typeII diabetics with diabetic nephropathy and those without. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that while lipocalin-2 level have negative correlation with high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), they have positive correlation with duration, BMI, WC, low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), (FBG), Glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol (TC), fasting insulin (FI), HOMA-IR, triglyceride (TG), microalbumin, urea, creatinine, and Apelin. Conversely, Apelin levels was negatively correlated with HDL-C and positively correlated with BMI, FBG, HbA1c, FI, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, LDL, microalbumin, urea, creatinine, and lipocalin-2. Conclusion: diabetic nephropathy patients had higher serum levels of lipocalin-2 and Apelin than both the control group and diabetics without nephropathy. Lipocalin-2 and Apelin levels may be useful in evaluating metabolic problems in diabetic nephropathy.